Notes

1 John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patters of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 234-64.
2 Rudolph J. Vecoli, “The Search for an Italian American Identity: Continuity and Change,” in Italian Americans; New Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity, ed. Lydio Tomasi (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1985), 94-95.
3 Mount Allegro: A Memoir of Italian Life (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), 204.
4 Elena Faulks, telephone interviews, July 1998 and 2001. Elena is Baldassare Forestiere’s niece and “Ric” Forestiere’s sister; Silvio Manno, “Forward: California: Earthly Paradise” (Unpublished t.s.) 2. Baldassare had five siblings: in their order of birth, Antonio, Baldassare, Giuseppe, Rose, Vincenzo, and Nicolina. Vincenzo settled in Boston, and Giuseppe settled in Fresno. After leaving Fresno, Rose lived in northern California, where Elena currently resides. Only Nicolina remained in Italy. Faulks, interview, 2001.
5 Rosario “Ric” Forestiere, Contribution and Italian translation by Silvio Manno, “In Search of Baldassare: Twelve Days in Sicily,” Travel diary 10 Sept. 1999-21 Sept. 1999 (Unpublished t.s.) 6; Manno, “Forward: California: Earthly Paradise.” 2. “Ric” Forestiere, son of Giuseppe and nephew of Baldassare; and the Underground Gardens’ docent, Silvio Manno, traveled to Filari in 1999, which has been abandoned and is now in ruins. See also: Andrew Rolle, The Italian Americans: Troubled Roots (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), 34; and Denis Mack Smith, A History of Sicily: Medieval Sicily 800-1713, vol. 1; A History of Sicily: Modern Sicily After 1713, vol. 2 (New York: Dorset Press, 1968), 499-501.
6 Michael La Sorte, La Merica: Images of Italian Greenhorn Experience (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985), 37-60.
7 Manno, “Forward,” 3.
8 Manno, “Forward,” 24.
9 Rolle, The Italian Americans, 35; Charles Hillinger, “The Human Mole,” Dream Streets: The Big Book of Italian American Culture, ed. Lawrence DiStasi. (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 21.
10 Faulks.
11 Thomas Bulfinch, Bulfinch’s Mythology (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 237-40, 920.
12 Forestiere, 12.
13 Manno, “Forward,” 28-29.
14 Forestiere, 3.
15 David D. Hume, About Sicily: Travelers in an Ancient Land (New Hampshire: J. N. Townsend Publishing, 1999), 141.
16 Smith, 475-77.
17 Manno, “Forward,” 30.
18 Silvio Manno, “The Forestiere Underground Gardens: A Pictorial Journey, April 1, 2001” (Unpublished t.s.), 1-7.
19 Manno, docent. Underground Gardens.
20 Faulks.
21 Luisa Del Giudice, “The ‘Archvilla”: An Italian Canadian Architetural Archetype,” Studies in Italian American Folklore, ed. Luisa Del Giudice (Logan: Utah State UP, 1993), 61.
22 Smith, 8.
23 Smith, 473, 497.
24 Forestiere.
25 Manno, “Forward,” 23.
26 Manno, docent.
27 Catherine Morison Rehart, The Valley’s Legends & Legacies (Fresno: Word Dancer Press, 1996), 189.
28 Manno, “The Forestiere,” 52.
29 Manno, docent.
30 Garibaldi Lapolla, The Grand Gennaro (New York: Vanguard Press, 1935), 323.
31 Golden Wedding (1943. New York: Arno Press, 1975), 4.
32 Del Giudice, 55; “In a home of one’s own, each one is king,” Del Giudice, 92.
33 Pagano, 263.
34 American Dream (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1986), 5-6.
35 Gloria Ricci Lothrop, ed;, Fulfilling the Promise of California: An Anthology of Essays on the Italian American Experience in California (Seattle: California Italian American Task Force: The Arthur H. Clark company, 2000), 235.
36 Pagano, 284.
37 Bud Goldstone and Arloa Paquin Goldstone, The Los Angeles Watts Towers (Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 1997) 27-35.
38 Goldstone, 84.
39 Rosalind Giardina Crosby, “The Italians of Los Angeles, 1900,” in Struggle and Success: An Anthology of the Italian Immigrant Experience in California, ed. Paola A. Sensi-Isolani and Phylis Cancilla Martinelli (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1993), 42-43.
40Gerald Mast, A Short History of the Movies (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1996), 118.
41Richard Hubbard, The American Idea of Success (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1971). 184.
42 Goldstone, 66.
43 Goldstone, 56.
44 Goldstone, 70-74.
45 Goldstone, 18.
46 Goldstone, 64.
47 Goldstone, 50.
48 I. Sheldon Posen and Daniel F. W